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Hamthesmol / The Ballad of Hamther

本页收录 Henry Adams Bellows 1923 年英译本。Bellows 译本已进入公有领域；本站保留其诗篇导言、英译正文和注释，不收现代中译或现代校勘文本。

Bellows 1923 英译

THE BALLAD OF HAMTHER

Bellows Introductory Note

The Hamthesmol, the concluding poem in the Codex Regius, is on the
whole the worst preserved of all the poems in the collection. The
origin of the story, the relation of the Hamthesmol to the
Guthrunarhvot, and of both poems to the hypothetical “old” Hamthesmol,
are outlined in the introductory note to the Guthrunarhvot. The
Hamthesmol as we have it is certainly not the “old” poem of that name;
indeed it is so pronounced a patchwork that it can hardly be regarded
as a coherent poem at all. Some of the stanzas are in Fornyrthislag,
some are in Malahattr, one (stanza 29) appears to be in Ljothahattr,
and in many cases the words can be adapted to any known metrical form
only by liberal emendation. That any one should have deliberately
composed such a poem seems quite incredible, and it is far more likely
that some eleventh century narrator constructed a poem about the death
of Hamther and Sorli by piecing together various fragments, and
possibly adding a number of Malahattr stanzas of his own.

It has been argued, and with apparently sound logic, that our extant
Hamthesmol originated in Greenland, along with the Atlamol. In any
case, it can hardly have been put together before the latter part of
the eleventh century, although the “old” Hamthesmol undoubtedly long
antedates this period. Many editors have attempted to pick out the
parts of the extant poem which were borrowed from this older lay, but
the condition of the text is such that it is by no means clear even
what stanzas are in Fornyrthislag and what in Malahattr. Many editors,
likewise, indicate gaps and omissions, but it seems doubtful whether
the extant Hamthesmol ever had a really consecutive quality, its
component fragments having apparently been strung together with little
regard for continuity. The notes indicate some of the more important
editorial suggestions, but make no attempt to cover all of them, and
the metrical form of the translation is often based on mere guesswork
as to the character of the original lines and stanzas. Despite the
chaotic state of the text, however, the underlying narrative is
reasonably clear, and the story can be followed with no great
difficulty.

1. Great the evils | once that grew,
With the dawning sad | of the sorrow of elves;
In early morn | awake for men
The evils that grief | to each shall bring.

3. “The sister ye had | was Svanhild called,
And her did Jormunrek | trample with horses,
White and black | on the battle-way,
Gray, road-wonted, | the steeds of the Goths.

4. “Little the kings | of the folk are ye like,
For now ye are living | alone of my race.

5. “Lonely am I | as the forest aspen,
Of kindred bare | as the fir of its boughs,
My joys are all lost | as the leaves of the tree
When the scather of twigs | from the warm day turns.”

6. Then Hamther spake forth, | the high of heart:
“Small praise didst thou, Guthrun, | to Hogni’s deed give
When they wakened thy Sigurth | from out of his sleep,
Thou didst sit on the bed | while his slayers laughed.

7. “Thy bed-covers white | with blood were red
From his wounds, and with gore | of thy husband were wet;
So Sigurth was slain, | by his corpse didst thou sit,
And of gladness didst think not: | ’twas Gunnar’s doing.

8. “Thou wouldst strike at Atli | by the slaying of Erp
And the killing of Eitil; | thine own grief was worse;
So should each one wield | the wound-biting sword
That another it slays | but smites not himself.”

9. Then did Sorli speak out, | for wise was he ever:
“With my mother I never | a quarrel will make;
Full little in speaking | methinks ye both lack;
What askest thou, Guthrun, | that will give thee no tears?

10. “For thy brothers dost weep, | and thy boys so sweet,
Thy kinsmen in birth | on the battlefield slain;
Now, Guthrun, as well | for us both shalt thou weep,
We sit doomed on our steeds, | and far hence shall we die.”

12. From the courtyard they fared, | and fury they breathed;
The youths swiftly went | o’er the mountain wet,
On their Hunnish steeds, | death’s vengeance to have.

13. On the way they found | the man so wise;
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
“What help from the weakling | brown may we have?”

14. So answered them | their half-brother then:
“So well may I | my kinsmen aid
As help one foot | from the other has.”

15. “How may a foot | its fellow aid,
Or a flesh-grown hand | another help?”

16. Then Erp spake forth, | his words were few,
As haughty he sat | on his horse’s back:
“To the timid ’tis ill | the way to tell.”
A bastard they | the bold one called.

17. From their sheaths they drew | their shining swords,
Their blades, to the giantess | joy to give;
By a third they lessened | the might that was theirs,
The fighter young | to earth they felled.

18. Their cloaks they shook, | their swords they sheathed,
The high-born men | wrapped their mantles close.

19. On their road they fared | and an ill way found,
And their sister’s son | on a tree they saw,
On the wind-cold wolf-tree | west of the hall,
And cranes’-bait crawled; | none would care to linger.

20. In the hall was din, | the men drank deep,
And the horses’ hoofs | could no one hear,
Till the warrior hardy | sounded his horn.

21. Men came and the tale | to Jormunrek told
How warriors helmed | without they beheld:
“Take counsel wise, | for brave ones are come,
Of mighty men | thou the sister didst murder.”

22. Then Jormunrek laughed, | his hand laid on his beard,
His arms, for with wine | he was warlike, he called for;
He shook his brown locks, | on his white shield he looked,
And raised high the cup | of gold in his hand.

23. “Happy, methinks, | were I to behold
Hamther and Sorli | here in my hall;
The men would I bind | with strings of bows,
And Gjuki’s heirs | on the gallows hang.”

24. In the hall was clamor, | the cups were shattered,
Men stood in blood | from the breasts of the Goths.

26. Then roared the king, | of the race of the gods,
Bold in his armor, | as roars a bear:
“Stone ye the men | that steel will bite not,
Sword nor spear, | the sons of Jonak.”

Sorli spake:

27. “Ill didst win, brother, | when the bag thou didst open,
Oft from that bag | came baleful counsel;
Heart hast thou, Hamther, | if knowledge thou hadst!
A man without wisdom | is lacking in much.”

Hamther spake:

28. “His head were now off | if Erp were living,
The brother so keen | whom we killed on our road,
The warrior noble,— | ’twas the Norns that drove me
The hero to slay | who in fight should be holy.

29. “In fashion of wolves | it befits us not
Amongst ourselves to strive,
Like the hounds of the Norns, | that nourished were
In greed mid wastes so grim.

30. “We have greatly fought, | o’er the Goths do we stand
By our blades laid low, | like eagles on branches;
Great our fame though we die | today or tomorrow;
None outlives the night | when the Norns have spoken.”

31. Then Sorli beside | the gable sank,
And Hamther fell | at the back of the house.

This is called the old ballad of Hamther.

Bellows Notes

1. This stanza looks like a later interpolation from a totally
unrelated source. Sorrow of elves: the sun; cf. Alvissmol, 16 and note.

2. Some editors regard lines 1–2 as interpolated, while others question
line 3. Guthrun, etc.: regarding the marriage of Jonak and Guthrun
(daughter of Gjuki, sister of Gunnar and Hogni, and widow first of
Sigurth and then of Atli), and the sons of this marriage, Hamther and
Sorli (but not Erp), cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory prose and note.

3. Svanhild and Jormunrek: regarding the manner in which Jormunrek
(Ermanarich) married Svanhild, daughter of Sigurth and Guthrun, and
afterwards had her trodden to death by horses, cf. Guthrunarhvot,
introductory note. Lines 3–4 are identical with lines 5–6 of
Guthrunarhvot, 2.

4. These two lines may be all that is left of a four-line stanza. The
manuscript and many editions combine them with stanza 5, while a few
place them after stanza 5 as a separate stanza, reversing the order of
the two lines. Kings of the folk: Guthrun’s brothers, Gunnar and Hogni,
slain by Atli.

5. Cf. note on stanza 4; the manuscript does not indicate line 1 as
beginning a stanza. Scather of twigs: poetic circumlocution for the
wind (cf. Skaldskaparmal, chapter 27), though some editors think the
phrase here means the sun. Some editors assume a more or less extensive
gap between stanzas 5 and 6.

6. Lines 1–3 are nearly identical with lines 1–3 of Guthrunarhvot, 4.
On the death of Sigurth cf. Sigurtharkvitha en skamma, 21–24, and Brot,
concluding prose. The word thy in line 3 is omitted in the original.

7. Lines 1–2 are nearly identical with lines 4–5 of Guthrunarhvot, 4.
The manuscript, followed by many editions, indicates line 3 and not
line 1 as beginning a stanza.

8. Some editors regard this stanza as interpolated. Erp and Eitil:
regarding Guthrun’s slaying of her sons by Atli, cf. Atlamol, 72–75.
The Erp here referred to is not to be confused with the Erp, son of
Jonak, who appears in stanza 13. The whole of stanza 8 is in doubtful
shape, and many emendations have been suggested.

10. Some editors assign this speech to Hamther. Brothers: Gunnar and
Hogni. Boys: Erp and Eitil.

11. In the manuscript this stanza follows stanza 21, and some editors
take the word here rendered “fame-glad one” (hróþrglǫþ) to be a proper
name (Jormunrek’s mother or his concubine). The Volsungasaga, however,
indicates that Guthrun at this point “had so fashioned their war-gear
that iron would not bite into it, and she bade them to have nought to
do with stones or other heavy things, and told them that it would be
ill for them if they did not do as she said.” The substance of this
counsel may well have been conveyed in a passage lost after line 3,
though the manuscript indicates no gap. It is by being stoned that
Hamther and Sorli are killed (stanza 26). On the other hand, the second
part of line 3 may possibly mean “if silent ye are not,” in which case
the advice relates to Hamther’s speech to Jormunrek and Sorli’s
reproach to him thereupon (stanzas 25 and 27). Steps: the word in the
original is doubtful. Line 3 is thoroughly obscure. Some editors make a
separate stanza of lines 3–5, while others question line 5.

12. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 1. In several
editions lines 2–3 are placed after line 2 of stanza 18. Hunnish: the
word meant little more than “German”; cf. Guthrunarhvot, 3 and note.

13. In the manuscript these two lines follow stanza 16; some editors
insert them in place of lines 2–3 of stanza 11. The manuscript
indicates no gap. The man so wise: Erp, here represented as a son of
Jonak but not of Guthrun, and hence a half-brother of Hamther and
Sorli. There is nothing further to indicate whether or not he was born
out of wedlock, as intimated in stanza 16. Some editors assign line 3
to Hamther, and some to Sorli.

14. The stanza is obviously defective. Many editors add Erp’s name in
line 1, and insert between lines 2 and 3 a line based on stanza 15 and
the Volsungasaga paraphrase: “As a flesh-grown hand | another
helps.” In the Volsungasaga, after Erp’s death, Hamther stumbles and
saves himself from falling with his hand, whereupon he says: “Erp spake
truly; I had fallen had I not braced myself with my hand.” Soon
thereafter Sorli has a like experience, one foot slipping but the other
saving him from a fall. “Then they said that they had done ill to Erp,
their brother.”

15. Many editions attach these two lines to stanza 14, while a few
assume the loss of two lines.

16. In the manuscript this stanza stands between stanzas 12 and 13.
Some editors make line 4 a part of Erp’s speech.

17. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a stanza. The
giantess: presumably the reference is to Hel, goddess of the dead, but
the phrase is doubtful.

18. In the manuscript these two lines are followed by stanza 19 with no
indication of a break. Some editions insert here lines 2–3 of stanza
12, while others assume the loss of two or more lines.

19. Cf. note on stanza 18. Ill way: very likely the road leading
through the gate of Jormunrek’s town at which Svanhild was trampled to
death. Sister’s son: many editors change the text to read “stepson,”
for the reference is certainly to Randver, son of Jormunrek, hanged by
his father on Bikki’s advice (cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory note).
Wolf-tree: the gallows, the wolf being symbolical of outlaws.
Cranes’-bait: presumably either snakes or worms, but the passage is
doubtful.

20. Many editors assume the loss of a line after line 3. The warrior:
presumably a warder or watchman, but the reference may be to Hamther
himself.

21. The word here rendered men (line 1) is missing in the original,
involving a metrical error, and various words have been suggested.

22. Line 2 in the original is thoroughly obscure; some editors directly
reverse the meaning here indicated by giving the line a negative force,
while others completely alter the phrase rendered “his arms he called
for” into one meaning “he stroked his cheeks.”

23. Gjuki’s heirs: the original has “the well-born of Gjuki,” and some
editors have changed the proper name to Guthrun, but the phrase
apparently refers to Hamther and Sorli as Gjuki’s grandsons. In the
manuscript this stanza is followed by stanza 11, and such editors as
have retained this arrangement have had to resort to varied and complex
explanations to account for it.

24. Editors have made various efforts to reconstruct a four-line stanza
out of these two lines, in some cases with the help of lines borrowed
from the puzzling stanza 11 (cf. note on stanza 23). Line 2 in the
original is doubtful.

25. Some editors mark line 1 as an interpolation. The manuscript marks
line 4 as beginning a new stanza. As in the story told by Jordanes,
Hamther and Sorli succeed in wounding Jormunrek (here they cut off his
hands and feet), but do not kill him.

26. The manuscript marks line 3, and not line 1, as beginning a stanza.
Of the race of the gods: the reference here is apparently to Jormunrek,
but in the Volsungasaga the advice to kill Hamther and Sorli with
stones, since iron will not wound them (cf. note on stanza 11), comes
from Othin, who enters the hall as an old man with one eye.

27. In the manuscript this stanza is introduced by the same line as
stanza 25: “Then did Hamther speak forth, | the haughty of heart,”
but the speaker in this case must be Sorli and not Hamther. Some
editors, however, give lines 1–2 to Hamther and lines 3–4 to Sorli.
Bag: i.e., Hamther’s mouth; cf. note on stanza 11. The manuscript
indicates line 3 as beginning a new stanza.

28. Most editors regard stanzas 28–30 as a speech by Hamther, but the
manuscript does not indicate the speaker, and some editors assign one
or two of the stanzas to Sorli. Lines 1–2 are quoted in the
Volsungasaga. The manuscript does not indicate line 1 as beginning a
stanza. Erp: Hamther means that while the two brothers had succeeded
only in wounding Jormunrek, Erp, if he had been with them, would have
killed him. Lines 3–4 may be a later interpolation. Norns: the fates;
the word used in the original means the goddesses of ill fortune.

29. This is almost certainly an interpolated Ljothahattr stanza, though
some editors have tried to expand it into the Fornyrthislag form.
Hounds of the Norns: wolves.

30. Some editors assume a gap after this stanza.

31. Apparently a fragment of a stanza from the “old” Hamthesmol to
which the annotator’s concluding prose note refers. Some editors assume
the loss of two lines after line 2.

Prose. Regarding the “old” Hamthesmol, cf. Guthrunarhvot, introductory
note.