欣德拉之歌 · 诗体埃达 / 文脉

Hyndluljoth / Hyndluljóð / The Poem of Hyndla

本页收录 Henry Adams Bellows 1923 年英译本。Bellows 译本已进入公有领域；本站保留其诗篇导言、英译正文和注释，不收现代中译或现代校勘文本。

Bellows 1923 英译

THE POEM OF HYNDLA

Bellows Introductory Note

The Hyndluljoth is found in neither of the great manuscripts of the
Poetic Edda, but is included in the so-called Flateyjarbok (Book of the
Flat Island), an enormous compilation made somewhere about 1400. The
lateness of this manuscript would of itself be enough to cast a doubt
upon the condition in which the poem has been preserved, and there can
be no question that what we have of it is in very poor shape. It is, in
fact, two separate poems, or parts of them, clumsily put together. The
longer one, the Poem of Hyndla proper, is chiefly a collection of
names, not strictly mythological but belonging to the semi-historical
hero-sagas of Norse tradition. The wise-woman, Hyndla, being asked by
Freyja to trace the ancestry of her favorite, Ottar, for the purpose of
deciding a wager, gives a complex genealogy including many of the
heroes who appear in the popular sagas handed down from days long
before the Icelandic settlements. The poet was learned, but without
enthusiasm; it is not likely that he composed the Hyndluljoth much
before the twelfth century, though the material of which it is
compounded must have been very much older. Although the genealogies are
essentially continental, the poem seems rather like a product of the
archæological period of Iceland.

Inserted bodily in the Hyndluljoth proper is a fragment of fifty-one
lines, taken from a poem of which, by a curious chance, we know the
name. Snorri quotes one stanza of it, calling it “the short Voluspo.”
The fragment preserved gives, of course, no indication of the length of
the original poem, but it shows that it was a late and very inferior
imitation of the great Voluspo. Like the Hyndluljoth proper, it
apparently comes from the twelfth century; but there is nothing
whatever to indicate that the two poems were the work of the same man,
or were ever connected in any way until some blundering copyist mixed
them up. Certainly the connection did not exist in the middle of the
thirteenth century, when Snorri quoted “the short Voluspo.”

Neither poem is of any great value, either as mythology or as poetry.
The author of “the short Voluspo” seems, indeed, to have been more or
less confused as to his facts; and both poets were too late to feel
anything of the enthusiasm of the earlier school. The names of Hyndla’s
heroes, of course, suggest an unlimited number of stories, but as most
of these have no direct relation to the poems of the Edda, I have
limited the notes to a mere record of who the persons mentioned were,
and the saga-groups in which they appeared.

Freyja spake:

1. “Maiden, awake! | wake thee, my friend,
My sister Hyndla, | in thy hollow cave!
Already comes darkness, | and ride must we
To Valhall to seek | the sacred hall.

2. “The favor of Heerfather | seek we to find,
To his followers gold | he gladly gives;
To Hermoth gave he | helm and mail-coat,
And to Sigmund he gave | a sword as gift.

3. “Triumph to some, | and treasure to others,
To many wisdom | and skill in words,
Fair winds to the sailor, | to the singer his art,
And a manly heart | to many a hero.

4. “Thor shall I honor, | and this shall I ask,
That his favor true | mayst thou ever find;
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .
Though little the brides | of the giants he loves.

5. “From the stall now one | of thy wolves lead forth,
And along with my boar | shalt thou let him run;
For slow my boar goes | on the road of the gods,
And I would not weary | my worthy steed.”

Hyndla spake:

6. “Falsely thou askest me, | Freyja, to go,
For so in the glance | of thine eyes I see;
On the way of the slain | thy lover goes with thee,
Ottar the young, | the son of Instein.”

Freyja spake:

8. “Now let us down | from our saddles leap,
And talk of the race | of the heroes twain;
The men who were born | of the gods above,
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .

9. “A wager have made | in the foreign metal
Ottar the young | and Angantyr;
We must guard, for the hero | young to have,
His father’s wealth, | the fruits of his race.

10. “For me a shrine | of stones he made,—
And now to glass | the rock has grown;—
Oft with the blood | of beasts was it red;
In the goddesses ever | did Ottar trust.

Hyndla spake:

12. “Thou art, Ottar, | the son of Instein,
And Instein the son | of Alf the Old,
Alf of Ulf, | Ulf of Sæfari,
And Sæfari’s father | was Svan the Red.

13. “Thy mother, bright | with bracelets fair,
Hight, methinks, | the priestess Hledis;
Frothi her father, | and Friaut her mother;—
Her race of the mightiest | men must seem.

14. “Of old the noblest | of all was Ali,
Before him Halfdan, | foremost of Skjoldungs;
Famed were the battles | the hero fought,
To the corners of heaven | his deeds were carried.

15. “Strengthened by Eymund, | the strongest of men,
Sigtrygg he slew | with the ice-cold sword;
His bride was Almveig, | the best of women,
And eighteen boys | did Almveig bear him.

17. “Hildigun then | her mother hight,
The daughter of Svava | and Sækonung;
And all are thy kinsmen, | Ottar, thou fool!
It is much to know,— | wilt thou hear yet more?

19. “Her husband was Ketil, | the heir of Klypp,
He was of thy mother | the mother’s-father;
Before the days | of Kari was Frothi,
And born of Hild | was Hoalf then.

20. “Next was Nanna, | daughter of Nokkvi,
Thy father’s kinsman | her son became;
Old is the line, | and longer still,
And all are thy kinsmen, | Ottar, thou fool!

21. “Isolf and Osolf, | the sons of Olmoth,
Whose wife was Skurhild, | the daughter of Skekkil,
Count them among | the heroes mighty,
And all are thy kinsmen, | Ottar, thou fool!

22. “Gunnar the Bulwark, | Grim the Hardy,
Thorir the Iron-shield, | Ulf the Gaper,
Brodd and Hörvir | both did I know;
In the household they were | of Hrolf the Old.

23. “Hervarth, Hjorvarth, | Hrani, Angantyr,
Bui and Brami, | Barri and Reifnir,
Tind and Tyrfing, | the Haddings twain,—
And all are thy kinsmen, | Ottar, thou fool!

25. “The sons of Jormunrek | all of yore
To the gods in death | were as offerings given;
He was kinsman of Sigurth,— | hear well what I say,—
The foe of hosts, | and Fafnir’s slayer.

26. “From Volsung’s seed | was the hero sprung,
And Hjordis was born | of Hrauthung’s race,
And Eylimi | from the Othlings came,—
And all are thy kinsmen, | Ottar, thou fool!

28. “Of Hvethna’s sons | was Haki the best,
And Hjorvarth the father | of Hvethna was;
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .

FRAGMENT OF “THE SHORT VOLUSPO”

30. Eleven in number | the gods were known,
When Baldr o’er the hill | of death was bowed;
And this to avenge | was Vali swift,
When his brother’s slayer | soon he slew.

31. The father of Baldr | was the heir of Bur,
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .

32. Freyr’s wife was Gerth, | the daughter of Gymir,
Of the giants’ brood, | and Aurbotha bore her;
To these as well | was Thjazi kin,
The dark-loving giant; | his daughter was Skathi.

33. Much have I told thee, | and further will tell;
There is much that I know;— | wilt thou hear
yet more?

34. Heith and Hrossthjof, | the children of Hrimnir.
. . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . .

35. The sybils arose | from Vitholf’s race,
From Vilmeith all | the seers are,
And the workers of charms | are Svarthofthi’s children,
And from Ymir sprang | the giants all.

36. Much have I told thee, | and further will tell;
There is much that I know;— | wilt thou hear yet more?

37. One there was born | in the bygone days,
Of the race of the gods, | and great was his might;
Nine giant women, | at the world’s edge,
Once bore the man | so mighty in arms.

38. Gjolp there bore him, | Greip there bore him,
Eistla bore him, | and Eyrgjafa,
Ulfrun bore him, | and Angeyja,
Imth and Atla, | and Jarnsaxa.

39. Strong was he made | with the strength of earth,
With the ice-cold sea, | and the blood of swine.

40. One there was born, | the best of all,
And strong was he made | with the strength of earth;
The proudest is called | the kinsman of men
Of the rulers all | throughout the world.

41. Much have I told thee, | and further will tell;
There is much that I know;— | wilt thou hear yet more?

42. The wolf did Loki | with Angrbotha win,
And Sleipnir bore he | to Svathilfari;
The worst of marvels | seemed the one
That sprang from the brother | of Byleist then.

43. A heart ate Loki,— | in the embers it lay,
And half-cooked found he | the woman’s heart;—
With child from the woman | Lopt soon was,
And thence among men | came the monsters all.

44. The sea, storm-driven, | seeks heaven itself,
O’er the earth it flows, | the air grows sterile;
Then follow the snows | and the furious winds,
For the gods are doomed, | and the end is death.

45. Then comes another, | a greater than all,
Though never I dare | his name to speak;
Few are they now | that farther can see
Than the moment when Othin | shall meet the wolf.

Freyja spake:

46. “To my boar now bring | the memory-beer,
So that all thy words, | that well thou hast spoken,
The third morn hence | he may hold in mind,
When their races Ottar | and Angantyr tell.”

Hyndla spake:

47. “Hence shalt thou fare, | for fain would I sleep,
From me thou gettest | few favors good;
My noble one, out | in the night thou leapest
As Heithrun goes | the goats among.

48. “To Oth didst thou run, | who loved thee ever,
And many under | thy apron have crawled;
My noble one, out | in the night thou leapest,
As Heithrun goes | the goats among.”

Freyja spake:

49. “Around the giantess | flames shall I raise,
So that forth unburned | thou mayst not fare.”

Hyndla spake:

50. “Flames I see burning, | the earth is on fire,
And each for his life | the price must lose;
Bring then to Ottar | the draught of beer,
Of venom full | for an evil fate.”

Freyja spake:

51. “Thine evil words | shall work no ill,
Though, giantess, bitter | thy baleful threats;
A drink full fair | shall Ottar find,
If of all the gods | the favor I get.”

Bellows Notes

1. Freyja: The names of the speakers do not appear in the manuscripts.
On Freyja cf. Voluspo, 21 and note; Skirnismol, introductory prose and
note; Lokasenna, introductory prose and note. As stanzas 9–10 show,
Ottar has made a wager of his entire inheritance with Angantyr
regarding the relative loftiness of their ancestry, and by rich
offerings (Hyndla hints at less commendable methods) has induced Freyja
to assist him in establishing his genealogy. Freyja, having turned
Ottar for purposes of disguise into a boar, calls on the giantess
Hyndla (“She-Dog”) to aid her. Hyndla does not appear elsewhere in the
poems.

2. Heerfather: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 30. Hermoth: mentioned in the Prose
Edda as a son of Othin who is sent to Hel to ask for the return of the
slain Baldr. Sigmund: according to the Volsungasaga Sigmund was the son
of Volsung, and hence Othin’s great-great-grandson (note that Wagner
eliminates all the intervening generations by the simple expedient of
using Volsung’s name as one of Othin’s many appellations). Sigmund
alone was able to draw from the tree the sword which a mysterious
stranger (Othin, of course) had thrust into it (compare the first act
of Wagner’s Die Walküre).

3. Sijmons suggests that this stanza may be an interpolation.

4. No lacuna after line 2 is indicated in the manuscript. Editors have
attempted various experiments in rearranging this and the following
stanza.

5. Some editors, following Simrock, assign this whole stanza to Hyndla;
others assign to her lines 3–4. Giving the entire stanza to Freyja
makes better sense than any other arrangement, but is dependent on
changing the manuscript’s “thy” in line 3 to “my,” as suggested by
Bugge. The boar on which Freyja rides (“my worthy steed”) is, of
course, Ottar.

6. Hyndla detects Ottar, and accuses Freyja of having her lover with
her. Unless Ottar is identical with Oth (cf. Voluspo, 25 and note),
which seems most unlikely, there is no other reference to this love
affair. The way of the slain: the road to Valhall.

7. Various experiments have been made in condensing the stanza into
four lines, or in combining it with stanza 8. Hildisvini
(“Battle-Swine”): perhaps Freyja refers to the boar with golden
bristles given, according to Snorri, to her brother Freyr by the
dwarfs. Dain: a dwarf; cf. Voluspo, 11. Nabbi: a dwarf nowhere else
mentioned.

8. The first line is obviously corrupt in the manuscript, and has been
variously emended. The general assumption is that in the interval
between stanzas 7 and 8 Freyja and Hyndla have arrived at Valhall. No
lacuna is indicated in the manuscript.

9. Foreign metal: gold. The word valr, meaning “foreign,” and akin to
“Welsh,” is interesting in this connection, and some editors interpret
it frankly as “Celtic,” i.e., Irish.

10. To glass: i.e., the constant fires on the altar have fused the
stone into glass. Glass beads, etc., were of very early use, though the
use of glass for windows probably did not begin in Iceland much before
1200. 11. Possibly two stanzas, or perhaps one with interpolations. The
manuscript omits the first half of line 4, here filled out from stanza
16, line 2. Skjoldungs: the descendants of Skjold, a mythical king who
was Othin’s son and the ancestor of the Danish kings; cf. Snorri’s
Edda, Skaldskaparmal, 43. Skilfings: mentioned by Snorri as descendants
of King Skelfir, a mythical ruler in “the East.” In Grimnismol, 54, the
name Skilfing appears as one of Othin’s many appellations. Othlings:
Snorri derives this race from Authi, the son of Halfdan the Old (cf.
stanza 14). Ylfings: some editors have changed this to “Ynglings,” as
in stanza 16, referring to the descendants of Yng or Yngvi, another son
of Halfdan, but the reference may be to the same mythical family to
which Helgi Hundingsbane belonged (cf. Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I, 5).

12. Instein: mentioned in the Halfssaga as one of the warriors of King
Half of Horthaland (the so-called Halfsrekkar). The others mentioned in
this stanza appear in one of the later mythical accounts of the
settlement of Norway.

14. Stanzas 14–16 are clearly interpolated, as Friaut (stanza 13, line
3) is the daughter of Hildigun (stanza 17, line 1). Halfdan the Old, a
mythical king of Denmark, called by Snorri “the most famous of all
kings,” of whom it was foretold that “for three hundred years there
should be no woman and no man in his line who was not of great repute.”
After the slaying of Sigtrygg he married Almveig (or Alvig), daughter
of King Eymund of Holmgarth (i.e., Russia), who bore him eighteen sons,
nine at one birth. These nine were all slain, but the other nine were
traditionally the ancestors of the most famous families in Northern
hero lore.

16. Compare stanza 11. All or part of this stanza may be interpolated.

17. Hildigun (or Hildiguth): with this the poem returns to Ottar’s
direct ancestry, Hildigun being Friaut’s mother. Line 4: cf. the
refrain-line in the Voluspo (stanzas 27, 29, etc.).

18. Another interpolation, as Ketil (stanza 19, line 1) is the husband
of Hildigun (stanza 17). Dag: one of Halfdan’s sons, and ancestor of
the Döglings. Line 5 may be a late addition.

19. Ketil: the semi-mythical Ketil Hortha-Kari, from whom various
Icelandic families traced their descent. Hoalf: probably King Half of
Horthaland, hero of the Halfssaga, and son of Hjorleif and Hild (cf.
stanza 12, note).

20. Nanna: the manuscript has “Manna.” Of Nanna and her father, Nokkvi,
we know nothing, but apparently Nanna’s son married a sister of
Instein, Ottar’s father.

21. Olmoth: one of the sons of Ketil Hortha-Kari. Line 4: here, and
generally hereafter when it appears in the poem, this refrain-line is
abbreviated in the manuscript to the word “all.”

22. An isolated stanza, which some editors place after stanza 24,
others combining lines 1–2 with the fragmentary stanza 23. In the
manuscript lines 3–4 stand after stanza 24, where they fail to connect
clearly with anything. Hrolf the Old: probably King Hrolf Gautreksson
of Gautland, in the saga relating to whom (Fornaldar sögur III, 57 ff.)
appear the names of Thorir the Iron-shield and Grim Thorkelsson.

23. Stanzas 23 and 24 name the twelve Berserkers, the sons of Arngrim
and Eyfura, the story of whom is told in the Hervararsaga and the
Orvar-Oddssaga. Saxo Grammaticus tells of the battle between them and
Hjalmar and Orvar-Odd. Line 1 does not appear in the manuscript, but is
added from the list of names given in the sagas. The Berserkers were
wild warriors, distinguished above all by the fits of frenzy to which
they were subject in battle; during these fits they howled like wild
beasts, foamed at the mouth, and gnawed the iron rims of their shields.
At such times they were proof against steel or fire, but when the fever
abated they were weak. The etymology of the word berserk is disputed;
probably, however, it means “bear-shirt.”

24. The manuscript omits the first half of line 1, here supplied from
the Orvar-Oddssaga. Bolm: probably the island of Bolmsö, in the Swedish
province of Småland. In the manuscript and in most editions stanza 24
is followed by lines 3–4 of stanza 22. Some editors reject line 5 as
spurious.

25. In the manuscript line 1 stands after line 4 of stanza 29. Probably
a stanza enumerating Jormunrek’s sons has been lost. Many editors
combine lines 3–4 of stanza 22 and lines 2–4 of stanza 25 into one
stanza. Jormunrek: the historical Ermanarich, king of the Goths, who
died about 376. According to Norse tradition, in which Jormunrek played
a large part, he slew his own sons (cf. Guthrunarhvot and Hamthesmol).
In the saga Jormunrek married Sigurth’s daughter, Svanhild. Stanzas
25–27 connect Ottar’s descent with the whole
Volsung-Sigurth-Jormunrek-Gjuki genealogy. The story of Sigurth is the
basis for most of the heroic poems of the Edda, of the famous
Volsungasaga, and, in Germany, of the Nibelungenlied. On his battle
with the dragon Fafnir cf. Fafnismol.

26. Volsung: Sigurth’s grandfather and Othin’s great-grandson. Hjordis:
daughter of King Eylimi, wife of Sigmund and mother of Sigurth.
Othlings: cf. stanza 11.

27. Gunnar, Hogni, and Guthrun: the three children of the Burgundian
king Gjuki and his wife Grimhild (Kriemhild); Guthrun was Sigurth’s
wife. Gotthorm, the third brother, who killed Sigurth at Brynhild’s
behest, was Grimhild’s son, and thus a step-son of Gjuki. These four
play an important part in the heroic cycle of Eddic poems. Cf.
Gripisspo, introductory note.

28. In the manuscript and in many editions these two lines stand
between stanzas 33 and 34. The change here made follows Bugge. The
manuscript indicates no gap between stanzas 27 and 29. Hvethna: wife of
King Halfdan of Denmark.

29. The manuscript and many editions include line 1 of stanza 25 after
line 4 of stanza 29. The story of Harald Battle-tooth is told in detail
by Saxo Grammaticus. Harald’s father was Hrörek, king of Denmark; his
mother was Auth, daughter of Ivar, king of Sweden. After Ivar had
treacherously destroyed Hrörek, Auth fled with Harald to Russia, where
she married King Rathbarth. Harald’s warlike career in Norway, and his
death on the Bravalla-field at the hands of his nephew, Sigurth Ring,
son of Randver and grandson of Rathbarth and Auth, were favorite saga
themes.

30. At this point begins the fragmentary and interpolated “short
Voluspo” identified by Snorri. The manuscript gives no indication of
the break in the poem’s continuity. Eleven: there are various
references to the “twelve” gods (including Baldr); Snorri
(Gylfaginning, 20–33) lists the following twelve in addition to Othin:
Thor, Baldr, Njorth, Freyr, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, Hoth, Vithar, Vali,
Ull and Forseti; he adds Loki as of doubtful divinity. Baldr and Vali:
cf. Voluspo, 32–33.

31. The fragmentary stanzas 31–34 have been regrouped in various ways,
and with many conjectures as to omissions, none of which are indicated
in the manuscript. The order here is as in the manuscript, except that
lines 1–2 of stanza 28 have been transposed from after line 2 of stanza
33. Bur’s heir: Othin; cf. Voluspo, 4.

32. Freyr, Gerth, Gymir: cf. Skirnismol. Aurbotha: a giantess, mother
of Gerth. Thjazi and Skathi: cf. Lokasenna, 49, and Harbarthsljoth, 19.

33. Cf. Voluspo, 44 and 27.

34. Heith (“Witch”) and Hrossthjof (“Horse-thief”): the only other
reference to the giant Hrimnir (Skirnismol, 28) makes no mention of his
children.

35. This stanza is quoted by Snorri (Gylfaginning, 5). Of Vitholf
(“Forest Wolf”), Vilmeith (“Wish-Tree”) and Svarthofthi (“Black Head”)
nothing further is known. Ymir: cf. Voluspo, 3.

37. According to Snorri (Gylfaginning, 27) Heimdall was the son of
Othin and of nine sisters. As Heimdall was the watchman of the gods,
this has given rise to much “solar myth” discussion. The names of his
nine giantess mothers are frequently said to denote attributes of the
sea.

38. The names of Heimdall’s mothers may be rendered “Yelper,” “Griper,”
“Foamer,” “Sand-Strewer,” “She-Wolf,” “Sorrow-Whelmer,” “Dusk,” “Fury,”
and “Iron-Sword.”

39. It has been suggested that these lines were interpolated from
Guthrunarkvitha II, 22. Some editors add the refrain of stanza 36.
Swine’s blood: to Heimdall’s strength drawn from earth and sea was
added that derived from sacrifice.

40. In the manuscript this stanza stands after stanza 44. Regarding
Heimdall’s kinship to the three great classes of men, cf. Rigsthula,
introductory note, wherein the apparent confusion of his attributes
with those of Othin is discussed.

42. Probably a lacuna before this stanza. Regarding the wolf Fenrir,
born of Loki and the giantess Angrbotha, cf. Voluspo, 39 and note.
Sleipnir: Othin’s eight-legged horse, born of the stallion Svathilfari
and of Loki in the guise of a mare (cf. Grimnismol, 44). The worst:
doubtless referring to Mithgarthsorm, another child of Loki. The
brother of Byleist: Loki; cf. Voluspo, 51.

43. Nothing further is known of the myth here referred to, wherein Loki
(Lopt) eats the cooked heart of a woman and thus himself gives birth to
a monster. The reference is not likely to be to the serpent, as,
according to Snorri (Gylfaginning, 34), the wolf, the serpent, and Hel
were all the children of Loki and Angrbotha.

44. Probably an omission, perhaps of considerable length, before this
stanza. For the description of the destruction of the world, cf.
Voluspo, 57.

45. Cf. Voluspo, 65, where the possible reference to Christianity is
noted. With this stanza the fragmentary “short Voluspo” ends, and the
dialogue between Freyja and Hyndla continues.

46. Freyja now admits the identity of her boar as Ottar, who with the
help of the “memory-beer” is to recall the entire genealogy he has just
heard, and thus win his wager with Angantyr.

47. Heithrun: the she-goat that stands by Valhall (cf. Grimnismol, 25),
the name being here used simply of she-goats in general, in caustic
comment on Freyja’s morals. Of these Loki entertained a similar view;
cf. Lokasenna, 30.

48. Oth: cf. stanza 6 and note, and Voluspo, 25 and note. Lines 3–4,
abbreviated in the manuscript, are very likely repeated here by
mistake.

49. The manuscript repeats once again lines 3–4 of stanza 47 as the
last two lines of this stanza. It seems probable that two lines have
been lost, to the effect that Freyja will burn the giantess alive “If
swiftly now | thou dost not seek, / And hither bring | the
memory-beer.”